Rail traffic is an environmentally friendly mode of transport. Rail traffic accounts for only 0.2-1.8% of traffic emissions in Finland, depending on the type of emission. Its share of energy consumption in the transport sector is 2.5%.

The most significant negative impacts of rail traffic are noise and vibration. The Finnish Rail Administration (RHK) has conducted a special noise control programme in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Measures are also being taken at sites around the country to reduce noise. Development projects are likewise under way to eliminate vibration problems or find ways to reduce vibration.

Rail traffic is safe. One cause for concern is level crossings, and their elimination plays an important role in improving traffic safety. Cooperation partners in this work are the Finnish Road Administration and local authorities.

On 1 September 2006 the issuing of regulations concerning rail safety was shifted from RHK to the new Railway Safety Authority. RHK's activities will now focus more clearly on infrastructure management, developing the rail system and managing rail traffic.